Fundamentals of Orthopedics (2nd Revised Edition)

DescriptionKey FeaturesAn up-to-date, to-the-point and all-in-one package to tackle theory and practical examinations, as well as the current entrance examination pattern.Covers borderline topics in orthopaedics such as spine, polytrauma, metabolic bone diseases, arthritis, skeletal dysplasisas, brachial plexus plasy, thoracic outlet syndrome and soft tissue sarcomas in a simplified and complete manner.Includes a New chapter on Sports Injuries and their Rehabilitation, an upcoming speciality, as a separate unit with elaborate information on common sports injuries, their management and exercise prescription.Provides over 1000 well-labelled images, with similes, depicting all clinical and radiological signs in orthopaedics and the common instruments and the implants in use.Describes High-Yield Points at the end of every topic specifically targeting the current pattern of multiple choice questions (MCQs).Contains a smartly prepared Practice Session covering all possible types of MCQs asked till date in various competitive examinations with answer references from the text.Gives Picture Quiz based on current trend for practicing image-based questions.Useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studentTable of Contents1. Introduction to OrthopedicsOrthopedics—History and EvolutionSome Orthopedic Legends and their ContributionOrthopedic Terminology2. General OrthopedicsAnatomy and Composition of BoneFunctions of Skeleton SystemStructure of BoneTypes of BonesBlood Supply of BoneGrowth of BoneFracture: Types and ClassificationsBiology of Fracture Healing and NonunionFracture HealingDelayed Union and NonunionBone GraftingBone Graft SubstitutesSplints and TractionsSplintsTractionBeds and FramesGeneral Principles of Fracture FixationFracture Considerations in Children and Physeal InjuriesUnique Features of Pediatric BoneCharacteristic Fracture Patterns of Pediatric BonePhyseal InjuriesSpecial Fracture GroupsStress FracturesPathological FracturesImaging in OrthopedicsTourniquet in Orthopedics3. Management of Polytrauma Patients and Open FracturesManagement of a Polytrauma PatientTriageGuidelines for Care of Seriously InjuredBasic Life SupportAdvanced Life Support and Advanced Cardiovascular Life SupportAdvanced Trauma Life SupportManagement of Open FracturesCrush Syndrome (Traumatic Rhabdomyolysis)Damage Control OrthopedicsTrauma Scoring SystemsRevised Trauma ScoreInjury Severity ScoreMangled Extremity Severity ScoreHannover Fracture ScaleGanga Hospital Open Injury Severity Score4. Traumatology: Injuries of Upper Limb, Skull and FaceInjuries around the Shoulder Girdle and Fracture Shaft of HumerusClavicle FractureFracture of ScapulaShoulder DislocationAcromioclavicular Joint InjurySternoclavicular Joint DislocationFracture of Proximal HumerusFracture Shaft of HumerusInjuries around the ElbowSupracondylar Humerus FractureLateral Condyle Humerus FractureMedial Epicondyle FractureDistal Humeral Fracture in AdultsElbow DislocationPulled Elbow (Nursemaid’s Elbow)Fracture of the CapitellumFracture of the Radial HeadFracture of the Radial NeckEssex-Lopresti FractureOlecranon FractureInjuries of the Forearm, Wrist and HandFracture of Both Bones of ForearmMonteggia Fracture DislocationGaleazzi Fracture Dislocation (Piedmont’s Fracture)Fractures of Distal End of RadiusFractures and Dislocations of the Carpal BonesScaphoid FractureFractures of Other Carpal BonesLunate and Perilunate DislocationMetacarpal FracturesFractures of the Base of First MetacarpalBoxer’s FractureFinger Carpometacarpal Joint Fracture DislocationsPhalangeal Fractures and DislocationsKaplan InjuryTuft FractureTendon Injuries of the HandFlexor Tendon InjuriesExtensor Tendon InjuriesTreatment of Tendon InjuriesCrush Injury of the HandReimplantation of a Transected Digit (or a Limb)Skull and Facial FracturesSkull FracturesMaxillofacial FracturesMandibular FracturesNasal Fractures5. Traumatology: Injuries of Pelvis, Hip and Lower LimbFractures of Pelvis and AcetabulumPelvic FracturesAcetabular FracturesBiomechanics, Gait Analysis and Clinical Examination of the Hip JointHip Biomechanics and Abnormal Gait PatternsExamination of the Hip JointInjuries around the Hip Joint and Fracture Shaft of FemurDislocation of the HipProximal Femoral FracturesFracture of Neck of FemurFracture Neck Femur in ChildrenIntertrochanteric Fracture of FemurSubtrochanteric FractureFracture Shaft of FemurInjuries around the Knee and LegDistal Femur FracturesTibial Plateau FracturesDislocation of the KneeFracture of PatellaExtensor Mechanism DisruptionsFractures of the Shaft of Tibia and FibulaTibial Plafond Fractures (Pilon Fracture)Injuries around the Ankle and FootFractures around the AnkleFracture of TalusCalcaneum FractureMidtarsal InjuriesLisfranc Dislocation (Tarsometatarsal Dislocation)Metatarsal FracturesFractures of Phalanges6. Sports Injuries and their RehabilitationIntroduction to Sports MedicineClassification of Sports InjuriesPrevention of Sports InjuriesSports Injuries around the ShoulderRecurrent Dislocation of ShoulderShoulder InstabilityRotator Cuff Tears and ArthropathyDisabled Throwing Shoulder and Slap LesionsSports Injuries around the ElbowLateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow)Common Sports Injuries of the HandBowler’s ThumbSkier’s/Gamekeeper’s ThumbMallet/Baseball FingerJersey FingerPatellar Injuries in SportsPatellar DislocationLigament, Meniscal and Cartilage Injuries of KneeAnatomy of Knee LigamentsMechanisms of InjuryClinical PresentationClinical ExaminationImagingManagementRotatory Instabilities of KneeDiscoid MeniscusArticular Cartilage InjuriesLoose Bodies in the Knee JointAnkle Injuries in SportsAnkle SprainImportant Tendon AffectionsTendo-Achilles RuptureBiceps Tendon RuptureRupture of Knee Extensor MechanismIliotibial Band Friction SyndromeIliopsoas TendinitisHamstring StrainSome Miscellaneous Conditions in SportspersonsSports Hernia/ Athletic Pubalgia/Gilmore’s GroinMedial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints)Chronic Exertional Compartment SyndromeRehabilitation of an Injured Sports Person7. SpineUnderstanding the Behavior of SpineLocalizing a Spinal LesionNeurological Deficits at Various Spinal LevelsAcute Spinal Cord InjuryComplete Versus Incomplete Spinal Cord InjuryComplications of Acute Spinal Cord InjurySpinal InjuriesRelevant AnatomyBiomechanics of Spinal Cord InjuryConcept of Spinal StabilityDiagnostic AspectsManagement of Spine Injury PatientsTreatment Modalities and MethodsCervical Spine InjuriesThoracolumbar FracturesManagement of Traumatic Paraplegia and QuadriplegiaSpondylolisthesisIntervertebral Disk DegenerationPosterior Intervertebral Disk ProlapseApproach to a Patient with Back PainScoliosisClassification of ScoliosisScoliotic CurvesClinical PresentationDiagnosisManagementKyphosisScheuermann’s Disease (Adolescent Idiopathic Kyphosis)8. Peripheral Nerve InjuriesPeripheral Nerve Injury: Anatomy, Classification and DiagnosisGross AnatomyMicroscopic AnatomyNeuronal Degeneration and RegenerationMechanisms of Nerve InjuriesClassification of Nerve InjuriesDiagnosis of a Nerve InjurySpecial InvestigationsPeripheral Nerve Injuries of Upper LimbUlnar Nerve PalsyMedian Nerve Palsy (C5–8, T1)Radial Nerve Palsy (C5–8, T1)Axillary Nerve Palsy (C5–6)Suprascapular Nerve Palsy (C5–6)Long Thoracic Nerve Palsy (C5–7) (Nerve of Bell)Spinal Accessory Nerve PalsyMusculocutaneous Nerve Palsy (C5–6)Peripheral Nerve Injuries of Lower LimbSciatic Nerve PalsyManagement of Nerve InjuriesNerve Entrapment Syndromes (Compression Neuropathies)Brachial Plexus PalsyThoracic Outlet Syndrome9. Bone and Joint InfectionsOsteomyelitisAcute Hematogenous OsteomyelitisBrodie’s AbscessChronic OsteomyelitisSclerosing Osteomyelitis of GarreChronic Recurrent Multifocal OsteomyelitisSeptic ArthritisTom Smith Arthritis (Thomas Smith, 1874)Madura FootSyphilis and OrthopedicsLeprosy and Orthopedics (Hansen’s Disease)Hand InfectionsInfections around NailInfections in the HandAcute Suppurative Tenosynovitis10. Skeletal TuberculosisGeneral Overview of TuberculosisTuberculosis of SpineTuberculosis of the Hip JointTuberculosis of the Knee JointTuberculosis of Other JointsTuberculous Osteomyelitis11. Orthopedic OncologyGeneral PrinciplesTumor-like LesionsFibrous DysplasiaFibrous Cortical Defect or Nonossifying FibromaOsteofibrous DysplasiaBone CystOsteochondroma or ExostosisBenign Bone TumorsOsteomaOsteoid OsteomaOsteoblastomaChondroma (Enchondroma)ChondroblastomaChondromyxoid FibromaGiant Cell Tumor (Osteoclastoma)HemangiomaMalignant Bone TumorsChordomaChondrosarcomaOsteosarcomaAdamantinomaEwing SarcomaMultiple Myeloma (Kahler’s Disease)Miscellaneous Conditions of Clinical InterestBone IslandPigmented Villonodular SynovitisGorham’s DiseaseCortical DesmoidGlomus TumorMetastasis to BoneSoft Tissue SarcomasMalignant Fibrous HistiocytomaLiposarcomaSynovial Cell SarcomaFibrosarcomaEpithelioid SarcomaRhabdomyosarcomaEosinophilic Granuloma and Langerhans Cell HistiocytosisEosinophilic Granuloma of Bone12. Pediatric OrthopedicsFoot DeformitiesCongenital Talipes Equinovarus or ClubfootMetatarsus AdductusPes Cavus and Pes PlanusDigital DeformitiesHallux ValgusOther Important Digital DeformitiesDeformities of LegCongenital Pseudoarthrosis of TibiaCongenital Deficiencies of Long Bones (Hemimelia)Deformities around the KneeAngular Knee DeformitiesGenu VarumBlount’s Disease (Tibia Vara)Genu ValgumGenu RecurvatumCongenital Dislocation of the KneeDeformities around the HipDevelopmental Dysplasia of HipPerthes DiseaseTransient SynovitisSlipped Capital Femoral EpiphysisCongenital Coxa VaraProximal Femoral Focal DeficiencyLimb Length DiscrepancyDeformities of Upper LimbRadial Club Hand (Radial Hemimelia)Madelung DeformityRadioulnar SynostosisDeformities of the Trunk and VertebraeTorticollis (Wry Neck)Sprengel ShoulderKlippel-Feil SyndromeBasilar ImpressionMiscellaneous Conditions of Interest in ChildrenBattered Baby SyndromeCaffey’s Disease (Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis)13. Neuromuscular DisordersCerebral PalsyPoliomyelitisSpina Bifida and Other Related Conditions (Myelodysplasias)Spina BifidaDiastematomyeliaTethered Cord Syndrome14. Genetic and Developmental DisordersSkeletal DysplasiasOsteogenesis Imperfecta (Lobstein-Vrolik’s Disease/Brittle Bone Disease/Fragilitas Ossium)NeurofibromatosisStorage Disorders and OrthopedicsHomocystinuria and Orthopedics15. Metabolic Bone DiseasesOsteoporosisRicketsOsteomalaciaOncogenic Osteomalacia/RicketsScurvy and OrthopedicsHyperparathyroidismPaget’s Disease (Osteitis Deformans)FluorosisDiffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis16. Arthritis and Related DisordersRelevant AnatomySynovial FluidArticular CartilageInflammatory ArthritisRheumatoid ArthritisJuvenile Idiopathic ArthritisSeronegative SpondyloarthropathiesAnkylosing Spondylitis (Marie-Strumpell Disease/Bechterew’s Disease)Reactive Arthritis (Reiter Syndrome)Psoriatic ArthritisEnteropathic ArthritisCrystal Deposition ArthropathiesGoutCalcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate ArthropathyCalcium Oxalate Deposition ArthropathyTumoral CalcinosisDegenerative ArthritisMiscellaneous Arthritis AffectionsNeuropathic Joint (Charcot Joint)Alkaptonuric Arthritis (Ochronosis)Hemophilic ArthritisSome Other Important Arthritic AffectionsChondromalacia PatellaeOsteochondrosisOsgood Schlatter’s DiseaseKienbock’s DiseaseOsteochondritis DissecansSynovial ChondromatosisAvascular Necrosis of Head of Femur (Chandler’s Disease)Femoroacetabular Impingement17. Soft Tissue DisordersAdventitious BursitisRetrocalcaneal BursitisMorrant Baker’s Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)Wrist and Hand AffectionsGanglionDe Quervain’s DiseaseTrigger Finger/ThumbDupuytren’s ContractureHypothenar-Hammer SyndromeDrummer Boy’s PalsyShoulder AffectionsSubacromial Impingement SyndromePeriarthritis Shoulder (Frozen Shoulder)Foot AffectionsBunionMorton’s NeuromaPlantar FasciitisMetatarsalgiaSnapping SyndromesSnapping Hip SyndromeSnapping Knee SyndromeMuscular CysticercosisFunctional Pain SyndromesFibromyalgia (Fibrositis)Chronic Fatigue Syndrome18. Amputations, Prosthetics and OrthoticsIndications and Principles of AmputationsEmergency Care of a Traumatic AmputationIndicationsTypesUse of TourniquetRecommended Levels in Various AmputationsNomenclature for Some Specific AmputationsAfter TreatmentSpecial Considerations in ChildrenComplicationsProsthetics and Rehabilitation of an AmputeeOrthotics and Other Related Devices19. Orthopedic Surgery: Evolution and Latest TrendsPlaster of Paris and Modern Synthetic Cast MaterialIntramedullary NailingBone PlatingAO/ASIF’s Latest Concepts in Fracture FixationBone CementOrthobiologicsAutologous Blood and Platelet-rich PlasmaStem Cells in OrthopedicsArthroscopic SurgeryArthroscopy of KneeArthroscopy of ShoulderArthroplastyReplacement Arthroplasty of the Hip JointReplacement Arthroplasty of the KneeReplacement Arthroplasty of the ShoulderPrinciples of Limb Salvage and the “Megaprosthesis”Orthopedic BiomaterialsCommon Instruments and Implants Used in OrthopedicsGeneral InstrumentsTraction InstrumentsExternal Fixator AssemblyImplants for Fracture Fixation around HipBone ScrewsImportant Surgical ApproachesShoulder and Upper ArmLower ArmForearmPelvis and AcetabulumHipKneeAnkle20. Synopsis of OrthopedicsFracture EponymsImportant Deformities with MnemonicsImportant Clinical Signs and TestsRadiology EponymsBone Tumor CapsuleSpinal Crash CourseLigamentous Injuries of Knee RevisitedSurgeries under One RoofThe First-The Last; The Smallest-The Largest; The Most-The Least; The Best-The Worst!21. Practice SessionMultiple Choice QuestionsGeneral OrthopedicsPolytraumaUpper Limb TraumatologyHip ExaminationPelvis and Lower Limb TraumaSports Medicine (Ligament and Meniscal Injuries of Knee, Shoulder Instability and Rotator Cuff Tear)SpinePeripheral Nerve InjuriesInfectionsTumorsPediatric OrthopedicsNeuromuscular DisordersGenetic and Developmental DisordersMetabolic Bone DiseasesArthritis and Related DisordersSoft Tissue DisordersAmputations, Prosthotics and OrthoticsOrthopedic Surgeries, Evolution and Latest TrendsPicture QuizAnswers KeyIndexAuthors BiographyMukul Mohindra MS DNB MNAMS Dip SICOT FNBSpecialist CGHS Specialist Wing and Central Institute of Orthopaedics, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India